Gender identity, sexual orientation and adverse sexual experiences in autistic females

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Pecora, L. A., Hancock, G. I., Hooley, M., Demmer, D. H., Attwood, T., Mesibov, G. B., & Stokes, M. A. (2020). Gender identity, sexual orientation and adverse sexual experiences in autistic females. Molecular Autism, 11(1), 57-57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-020-00363-0

Publication date: 11 Jul 2020 Added to AutiHub: 7 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) Full text OpenAlex source

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Authors

Publication authors
7
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 7 (14.3%)
  1. Laura A. Pecora
  2. Grace I. Hancock
  3. Merrilyn Hooley
  4. David H. Demmer
  1. Tony Attwood *
  2. Gary B. Mesibov
  3. Mark A Stokes

Abstract

Abstract Background There is growing recognition that autistic females present with more diverse gender and sexual identities than their non-autistic counterparts. Likewise, autistic females are also at an increased risk of adverse sexual experiences. As higher rates of sexual victimisation are observed in individuals with diverse sexual identities in the broader population, rates of negative sexual experiences among autistic females remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the representation of gender and sexual diversity within autistic females and examine their rates of regretted, and unwanted, sexual encounters among females with a transgender gender identity and non-heterosexual sexual orientation. Methods Two hundred and ninety-five females completed the Sexual Behaviour Scale-III (SBS-III) online. Self-reported gender identity and sexual orientation were compared between 134 autistic (M age = 26.2 years, SD = 8.7) and 161 non-autistic females (M age = 22.0 years, SD = 4.6). Differences in the prevalence of negative sexual experiences were compared across diagnosis and each gender identity and sexual orientation label. Results Autistic females were more likely to identify with a transgender gender identity (p <.05) and non-heterosexual sexual orientation (p <.007) compared to non-autistic females. Autistic homosexual females were more likely to have experienced a range of negative sexual experiences than autistic heterosexual females (OR ≥ 3.29; p <.01) and were more likely to have experienced unwanted sexual experiences than non-autistic females regardless of sexual orientation (OR ≥ 2.38; p <.05). There were no differences in rates of negative sexual experiences between autistic bisexual and both autistic heterosexual and non-autistic bisexual females. Non-autistic bisexual females (OR = 0.24; p =.018) presented with a reduced risk of regretted sexual experiences than non-autistic heterosexual peers. There were no differences in negative sexual experiences across gender identity in the autistic sample. Limitations The use of fixed format response items may have restricted participants’ abilities to provide rich responses pertaining to their sexual identities and nature of negative sexual experiences. The small number of participants who identified as transgender (n = 40) limits the reliability of results pertaining to sexual experiences across gender identity. Moreover, although multiple recruitment methods were used in this study, non-representative may bias estimates of prevalence rates. Thus, the data may not be representative of the broader population. Conclusions Results indicate that autistic females present with greater diversity in their sexual identities than individuals without autism, with those with a homosexual sexual orientation being at greater risk of experiencing adverse sexual encounters. Findings suggest the importance of increased clinical attention to this diversity and the need to provide support to facilitate the development of a healthy sexual identity and reduce the risks identified in this study.

Bibliography cited by this reference

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Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 13 Sep 2026 01:04.

Cited references
102
With a DOI
82
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
16
3 / 102 (2.9%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
6 / 102 (5.9%)
References with detected author names
99 / 102 (97.1%)
Without detected author names
3
Without a structured title
6
Without a stable identifier
12
References with raw author names still to review
3
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
347
From DOI or external metadata
347
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
4
68 / 347 (19.6%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 279 / 347 (80.4%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
3 / 347 (0.9%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 3 / 68 (4.4%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 3 / 308 (1.0%).
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