Autism in the Australian workplace: the employer perspective

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Wen, B., van Rensburg, H., O’Neill, S., & Attwood, T. (2022). Autism in the Australian workplace: the employer perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 61(1), 146-167. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12333

Publication date: 26 May 2022 Added to AutiHub: 7 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
4
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 4 (25.0%)

Abstract

Autistic adults face alarmingly high rates of unemployment and underemployment. There is limited research regarding employers’ capacity to support autistic persons, how to better understand employers’ needs and their key role in employment processes. In this employer‐focused qualitative study, 14 Australian employers and nine professional experts were interviewed in depth. The identified themes were 1) Employer awareness and knowledge of autism; 2) Autism is a strength rather than a deficit, disorder or disability; 3) Employer empowerment is a key facilitator of change and 4) Autism tools for the employer. These findings highlight the need for ongoing education of employers to strengthen knowledge in the workplace about autism and addressing workplace environmental variables directly. Novel findings were the critical importance of employer self‐care and treating all employees the same.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 12 Sep 2026 07:09.

Cited references
86
With a DOI
65
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
18
4 / 86 (4.7%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
4 / 86 (4.7%)
References with detected author names
82 / 86 (95.3%)
Without detected author names
4
Without a structured title
3
Without a stable identifier
16
References with raw author names still to review
1
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
311
From DOI or external metadata
311
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
1
113 / 311 (36.3%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 198 / 311 (63.7%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
5 / 311 (1.6%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 5 / 113 (4.4%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 4 / 245 (1.6%).
  1. Darlene Unger , John Kregel (2003). Employers' knowledge and utilization of accommodations . WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation, 21(1), 5-15. SAGE Publications.
    OpenAlex
  2. Icek Ajzen (1991). The theory of planned behavior . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Christopher E. Whelpley , George C. Banks , Jaime E. Bochantin , Rosalyn Sandoval (2021). Tensions on the spectrum: an inductive investigation of employee and manager experiences of autism . Journal of Business and Psychology, 36(2), 283-297. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenCitations
  4. Jennie Andersson , Renee Luthra , Peter Hurtig , Magnus Tideman (2015). Employer attitudes toward hiring persons with disabilities: A vignette study in Sweden . Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 43(1), 41-50. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Kerstin Alfes , Amanda Shantz , Catherine Truss (2012). The link between perceived HRM practices, performance and well‐being: the moderating effect of trust in the employer . Human Resource Management Journal, 22(4), 409-427. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Summer Bottini , Kaylie Wiseman , Jennifer M. Gillis (2020). Burnout in providers serving individuals with ASD: The impact of the workplace . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 100, 103616. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. (2009). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research . Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 12(2), 249-251. Emerald.
    OpenAlex
  8. González Moreno, Andrés Santiago (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  9. H. Russell Bernard (2012). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches .
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1503159956
    OpenAlex
  10. Hala Annabi , Jill Locke (2019). A theoretical framework for investigating the context for creating employment success in information technology for individuals with autism . Journal of Management & Organization, 25(04), 499-515. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. K. Louise Barriball , Alison While (1994). Collecting data using a semi‐structured interview: a discussion paper . Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19(2), 328-335. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Cynthia R. Jasper , Paul Waldhart (2013). Employer attitudes on hiring employees with disabilities in the leisure and hospitality industry . International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25(4), 577-594. Emerald.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. James Richards , Kate Sang , Abigail Marks , Susannah Gill (2019). “I’ve found it extremely draining” . Personnel Review, 48(7), 1903-1923. Emerald.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Robert D. Austin , Gary P. Pisano (2017). Neurodiversity as a competitive advantage . Harvard Business Review, 95(3), 96.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2610279468
    Crossref OpenAlex
  15. Theo Lorenc , Mark Rodgers , David Marshall , Hollie Melton , Rebecca Rees , Kath Wright et al. (2018). Support for adults with autism spectrum disorder without intellectual impairment: Systematic review . Autism, 22(6), 654-668. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2019). Disability, ageing and carers, Australia: Summary of findings . Disability, ageing and carers, Australia: Summary of findings.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  17. Joseph A. Maxwell (1996). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach .
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1684809301
    OpenAlex
  18. Australian Human Rights Commission(1992)Disability Discrimination Act(Vol. 135 pp. 1–75). Australia
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  19. Simon M Bury , Darren Hedley , Mirko Uljarević , Cheryl Dissanayake , Eynat Gal (2019). If you’ve employed one person with autism …: An individual difference approach to the autism advantage at work . Autism, 23(6), 1607-1608. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. มาเรียม นิลพันธุ์ (2010). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research . วารสารศิลปากรศึกษาศาสตร์วิจัย (Silpakorn Educational Research Journal), 1(2), 307-309.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1893938325
    OpenAlex
  21. Andrew Jacob , Melissa Scott , Marita Falkmer , Torbjörn Falkmer (2015). The Costs and Benefits of Employing an Adult with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review . PLOS ONE, 10(10), e0139896. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Brian N. Phillips , Jon Deiches , Blaise Morrison , Fong Chan , Jill L. Bezyak (2016). Disability Diversity Training in the Workplace: Systematic Review and Future Directions . Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 26(3), 264-275. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Melissa H. Black , Soheil Mahdi , Ben Milbourn , Melissa Scott , Alan H. Gerber , Christopher Esposito et al. (2020). Multi‐informant International Perspectives on the Facilitators and Barriers to Employment for Autistic Adults . Autism Research, 13(7), 1195-1214. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2288 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3011899039
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Elaine O’Brien , Carol Linehan (2018). The last taboo?: surfacing and supporting Emotional Labour in HR work . The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(4), 683-709. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Robert Fraser , Icek Ajzen , Kurt Johnson , James Hebert , Fong Chan (2011). Understanding employers' hiring intention in relation to qualified workers with disabilities . Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 35(1), 1-11. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Melissa H. Black , Soheil Mahdi , Ben Milbourn , Craig Thompson , Axel D'Angelo , Eva Ström et al. (2019). Perspectives of key stakeholders on employment of autistic adults across the united states, australia, and sweden . Autism Research, 12(11), 1648-1662. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2167 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2954638201
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Janice M. Morse (2015). Critical Analysis of Strategies for Determining Rigor in Qualitative Inquiry . Qualitative Health Research, 25(9), 1212-1222. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology . Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Patrick W. Corrigan , Jennifer Rafacz , Nicolas Rüsch (2011). Examining a progressive model of self-stigma and its impact on people with serious mental illness . Psychiatry Research, 189(3), 339-343. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Kai Vogeley , J. C. Kirchner , A. Gawronski , L. Tebartz van Elst , Isabel Dziobek (2013). Toward the development of a supported employment program for individuals with high-functioning autism in Germany . European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 263(S2), 197-203. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Ellen Brantlinger , Robert Jimenez , Janette Klingner , Marleen Pugach , Virginia Richardson (2005). Qualitative Studies in Special Education . Exceptional Children, 71(2), 195-207. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Michal Waisman-Nitzan , Eynat Gal , Naomi Schreuer (2019). Employers’ perspectives regarding reasonable accommodations for employees with autism spectrum disorder . Journal of Management & Organization, 25(04), 481-498. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Lindsay E. Sears , Yuyan Shi , Carter R. Coberley , James E. Pope (2013). Overall Well-Being as a Predictor of Health Care, Productivity, and Retention Outcomes in a Large Employer . Population Health Management, 16(6), 397-405. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Karen R. Johnson , Demetria Ennis-Cole , Matthew Bonhamgregory (2020). Workplace Success Strategies for Employees With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A New Frontier for Human Resource Development . Human Resource Development Review, 19(2), 122-151. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Miguel Pinto Caldas (2003). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches . Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 7(1), 223-223. FapUNIFESP (SciELO).
    OpenAlex
  36. Sloane Burgess , Robert E. Cimera (2014). Employment Outcomes of Transition-Aged Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A State of the States Report . American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 119(1), 64-83. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. Melissa Scott , Andrew Jacob , Delia Hendrie , Richard Parsons , Sonya Girdler , Torbjörn Falkmer et al. (2017). Employers’ perception of the costs and the benefits of hiring individuals with autism spectrum disorder in open employment in Australia . PLOS ONE, 12(5), e0177607. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  38. James Richards (2012). Examining the exclusion of employees with Asperger syndrome from the workplace . Personnel Review, 41(5), 630-646. Emerald.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Simon M Bury , Darren Hedley , Mirko Uljarević , Eynat Gal (2020). The autism advantage at work: A critical and systematic review of current evidence . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 105, 103750. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. Louis Cohen , Lawrence Manion , Keith Morrison (2002). Research Methods in Education . Routledge.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  41. Jessica Dreaver , Craig Thompson , Sonya Girdler , Margareta Adolfsson , Melissa H. Black , Marita Falkmer (2020). Success Factors Enabling Employment for Adults on the Autism Spectrum from Employers’ Perspective . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(5), 1657-1667. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Creswell JW (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches . Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  43. M.ª Teresa Jiménez Buñuales , Paulino González Diego , José M.ª Martín Moreno (2002). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) 2001 . Revista Española de Salud Pública, 76(4), 271-9. FapUNIFESP (SciELO).
    OpenAlex
  44. Creswell JW (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research . Designing and conducting mixed methods research.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  45. Melissa DeJonckheere , Lisa M Vaughn (2019). Semistructured interviewing in primary care research: a balance of relationship and rigour . Family Medicine and Community Health, 7(2), e000057. BMJ.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. M. Lance Frazier , Stav Fainshmidt , Ryan L. Klinger , Amir Pezeshkan , Veselina Vracheva (2017). Psychological Safety: A Meta‐Analytic Review and Extension . Personnel Psychology, 70(1), 113-165. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Karin E. van den Bosch , Anna Krzeminska , Eun Young Song , Lineke B. E. van Hal , Mitzi M. Waltz , Hannah Ebben et al. (2019). Nothing about us, without us: A case study of a consumer-run organization by and for people on the autism spectrum in the Netherlands . Journal of Management & Organization, 25(04), 464-480. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. H. ‐C. Steinhausen , C. Mohr Jensen , M. B. Lauritsen (2016). A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the long‐term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 133(6), 445-452. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  49. Denzin NK (2017). The Sage handbook of qualitative research . The Sage handbook of qualitative research.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  50. Christina Mohr Jensen , Caroline Skat Martens , Nanna Dagmar Nikolajsen , Trine Skytt Gregersen , Nanna Heckmann Marx , Mette Goldberg Frederiksen et al. (2016). What do the general population know, believe and feel about individuals with autism and schizophrenia: Results from a comparative survey in Denmark . Autism, 20(4), 496-508. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. David Nicholas , Wendy Mitchell , Rosslynn Zulla , Carolyn Dudley (2019). Perspectives of employers about hiring individuals with autism spectrum disorder: Evaluating a cohort of employers engaged in a job-readiness initiative . Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 50(3), 353-364. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. Arun Karpur , Sara A. VanLooy , Susanne M. Bruyère (2014). Employer Practices for Employment of People With Disabilities: A Literature Scoping Review . Rehabilitation Research, Policy, and Education, 28(4), 225-241. Springer Publishing Company.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  53. Hanna Kallio , Anna‐Maija Pietilä , Martin Johnson , Mari Kangasniemi (2016). Systematic methodological review: developing a framework for a qualitative semi‐structured interview guide . Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(12), 2954-2965. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. Michelle Maroto , David Pettinicchio (2015). Twenty-Five Years After the ADA: Situating Disability in America’s System of Stratification . Disability Studies Quarterly, 35(3). The Ohio State University Libraries.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. HaskinsTM(2019)Building employers' capacity to support competitive employment for adults with autism: a promising practice study. (EdD) University of Southern California Ann Arbor.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  56. Tiffany D. Johnson , Aparna Joshi (2016). Dark clouds or silver linings? A stigma threat perspective on the implications of an autism diagnosis for workplace well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(3), 430-449. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  57. Darren Hedley , Mirko Uljarević , Lauren Cameron , Santoshi Halder , Amanda Richdale , Cheryl Dissanayake (2017). Employment programmes and interventions targeting adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of the literature . Autism, 21(8), 929-941. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  58. Sally Lindsay , Elaine Cagliostro , Gabriella Carafa (2018). A systematic review of workplace disclosure and accommodation requests among youth and young adults with disabilities . Disability and Rehabilitation, 40(25), 2971-2986. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  59. Hesse‐Biber SN (2010). The practice of qualitative research . The practice of qualitative research.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  60. Anna Krzeminska , Robert D. Austin , Susanne M. Bruyère , Darren Hedley (2019). The advantages and challenges of neurodiversity employment in organizations . Journal of Management & Organization, 25(04), 453-463. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  61. Sharan B. Merriam (2015). Qualitative Research . In Advances in Knowledge Acquisition, Transfer, and Management (pp. 125-140). IGI Global.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  62. Marghalara Rashid , Sandy Thompson-Hodgetts , David Nicholas (2017). Building Employers’ Capacity to Support Vocational Opportunities for Adults with Developmental Disabilities . Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 4(2), 165-173. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  63. Beth Stone (2019). ‘The domino effect’: pathways in and out of homelessness for autistic adults . Disability & Society, 34(1), 169-174. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  64. Melissa Scott , Marita Falkmer , Torbjörn Falkmer , Sonya Girdler (2018). Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Autism-Specific Workplace Tool for Employers: A Randomised Controlled Trial . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(10), 3377-3392. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  65. Jones S (2019). Australia's attitudes and behaviours towards autism and experiences of Autistic people and their families . Autism and Employment.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  66. Akram Khayatzadeh-Mahani , Krystle Wittevrongel , David Nicholas , Jennifer D. Zwicker (2020). Prioritizing barriers and solutions to improve employment for persons with developmental disabilities . Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(19), 2696-2706. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  67. Beth Pfeiffer , Kerri Braun , Moya Kinnealey , Maggie Derstine Matczak , Helene Polatajko (2017). Environmental factors impacting work satisfaction and performance for adults with autism spectrum disorders . Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 47(1), 1-12. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  68. Melvyn Julian DSouza (2017). The Practice of Qualitative Research . Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 12(3), 247-248. Emerald.
    OpenAlex
  69. Ghaidaa Khalifa , Zonera Sharif , Madiha Sultan , Briano Di Rezze (2020). Workplace accommodations for adults with autism spectrum disorder: a scoping review . Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(9), 1316-1331. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  70. David Nicholas , Wendy Mitchell , Carolyn Dudley , Margaret Clarke , Rosslynn Zulla (2018). An Ecosystem Approach to Employment and Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(1), 264-275. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  71. Anne M. Roux , Tamara Garfield , Paul Shattuck (2019). Employment policy and autism: Analysis of state Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) implementation plans . Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 51(3), 285-298. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  72. Leavy P (2017). Research design: Quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, arts‐based, and community‐based participatory research approaches . Research design: Quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, arts‐based, and community‐based participatory research approaches.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  73. Catherine Lord , Tony Charman , Alexandra Havdahl , Paul Carbone , Evdokia Anagnostou , Brian Boyd et al. (2022). The Lancet Commission on the future of care and clinical research in autism . The Lancet, 399(10321), 271-334. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenCitations
  74. Mason J (2002). Qualitative researching . Qualitative researching.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  75. Maxwell JA (2012). Qualitative research design: an interactive approach . Qualitative research design: an interactive approach.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  76. Neuman WL (2013). Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches . Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  77. Melissa Scott , Marita Falkmer , Rebecca Kuzminski , Torbjörn Falkmer , Sonya Girdler (2022). Process evaluation of an autism-specific workplace tool for employers . Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 29(8), 686-698. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  78. Jonathan J. Pierce (2018). Leaders' strategies to support and accommodate employees with high‐functioning autism . ScholarWorks (Walden University).
    Type: Dissertation OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2981448748
    Crossref OpenAlex
  79. QSR International (2018). NVivo qualitative data analysis software . NVivo qualitative data analysis software.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  80. Sara Delmont , Jennifer Mason (1997). Qualitative Researching . The British Journal of Sociology, 48(4), 709. JSTOR.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/591613 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4230286358
    OpenAlex
  81. United Nations(2006)Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. https://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/convention/convoptprot‐e.pdf
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  82. Unger D (2000). Employers' Knowledge and Utilization of Accommodations . Employers' Knowledge and Utilization of Accommodations.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  83. World Health Organisation (2001). International classification of functioning, disability and health: ICF . International classification of functioning, disability and health: ICF.
    Type: Other
    Crossref