Understanding Autistic Adults’ Psychological Experiences of Anxiety Problems: A Qualitative Interview Study

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Roberts-Davis, R. J., Happé, F., & Lau-Zhu, A. (2026). Understanding Autistic Adults’ Psychological Experiences of Anxiety Problems: A Qualitative Interview Study. Autism, 30(8), 2117-2129. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613261455375

Publication date: 21 Jul 2026 Added to AutiHub: 29 Aug 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
3
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 3 (33.3%)
  1. Rebecca J. Roberts-Davis *
  2. Francesca Happé
  3. Alex Lau-Zhu

Abstract

Our understanding of psychological experiences of anxiety in autism could be improved if it were shaped by autistic individuals. However, anxiety research in autism often begins with cognitive conceptualisations drawn from neurotypical or non-autistic individuals. This qualitative study aimed to explore psychological experiences of anxiety using semi-structured one-to-one interviews with a diverse sample of 20 U.K.-based, autistic adults, aged 18–55 years. Transcripts were analysed using two complementary methods: conceptual content analysis, where existing theories were tested against the data with predefined codes; and reflexive thematic analysis, where meaning was constructed from the data while considering research subjectivity. Our sample highly endorsed existing cognitive constructs: intolerance of uncertainty (100% of participants), repetitive negative thinking (100%), attentional biases (70%) and intrusive mental imagery (70%). Some autism-specific characteristics were indicated. The endorsement of imagery is particularly striking given claims that autism is often associated with weak imagery. Autistic adults described the way in which being autistic interacted with anxiety, through psychological and lived experiences. Existing support for anxiety problems was deemed insufficient and may be improved by further refining our understanding of anxiety in autism through future quantitative and qualitative research. Lay Abstract Anxiety is a top priority for research for the autistic community. We could increase our understanding of what might contribute to anxiety problems in autism by speaking to autistic people and learning about the different experiences they have had. We interviewed 20 U.K.-based autistic adults (aged 18–55 years) and asked them about their anxiety problems, including how they felt about well-known ideas of what might be involved in anxiety in autism. We looked at the answers to the interviews in two ways. The first way considers what autistic people think about the well-known ideas. The second way looks at similarities in the answers that autistic people gave. All participants’ anxiety problems involved repeated negative thoughts and struggling with uncertain situations. Most also said that they tend to focus on noises or other sensory experiences within their environment and imagine situations in their mind when they are anxious. Being autistic came with challenges that could make them more anxious, including struggling with changes to routine and being bullied. Autistic people described how anxiety made their life difficult and ways in which current support for anxiety is not helpful enough. We discuss ways that we could better understand anxiety in autism and improve the support given to autistic people.

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Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 12 Sep 2026 07:09.

Cited references
64
With a DOI
60
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
4
5 / 64 (7.8%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
2 / 64 (3.1%)
References with detected author names
62 / 64 (96.9%)
Without detected author names
2
Without a structured title
2
Without a stable identifier
4
References with raw author names still to review
2
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
257
From DOI or external metadata
257
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
2
90 / 257 (35.0%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 167 / 257 (65.0%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
10 / 257 (3.9%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 10 / 90 (11.1%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 9 / 226 (4.0%).
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