Profiles of the parenting experience in families of autistic children

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Greenlee, J. L., Hickey, E., Stelter, C. R., Huynh, T., & Hartley, S. L. (2023). Profiles of the parenting experience in families of autistic children. Autism, 27(7), 1919-1932. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221147399

Publication date: 5 Jan 2023 Added to AutiHub: 6 Aug 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
5
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 5 (20.0%)
  1. Jessica L. Greenlee
  2. Emily Hickey
  3. Claire R. Stelter *
  4. Tuyen Huynh
  5. Sigan L. Hartley

Abstract

Parents of autistic children experience more parenting stress and are at increased risk for poor mental and physical health compared with parents of neurotypical children; however, not all parents are distressed. The present study used a person-centered analytic approach to identify profiles of the parenting experience in a sample of 183 mothers and fathers of an autistic child (5–12 years old) and to examine associations between profile membership and child outcomes. Results indicated three profiles for mothers: Adaptive (41.1%; high authoritative parenting, lowest stress, and highest competence), Average (42.1%; sample average of all parenting indicators), and Distressed (16.8%; high stress, low competence, maladaptive parenting strategies). Fathers were classified into four profiles: Adaptive (33.3%), Average (37.7%), Distressed—Permissive (15.3%; high stress, low competence, permissive parenting strategies), and Distressed—Authoritarian (13.6%; some stress, lowest competence, authoritarian parenting strategies). The profiles differed on child internalizing and externalizing symptoms and autism symptom severity. Comparative analysis also revealed that children did better when at least one parent was included in the Adaptive group. Implications of these findings are discussed and include fostering empowering messages to parents as well as providing useful new insight in the context of family-focused interventions. Lay abstract Research shows that parents of autistic children, on average, are stressed; however, there is likely an array of factors that characterize the parenting experience in the context of autism other than stress. Understanding the diversity in the parenting experiences of both mothers and fathers of autistic children is important in the development of family-based intervention. A total of 188 co-habiting couples with an autistic child described their parenting experiences using a series of questionnaires examining their feelings of stress, parenting competence, and parenting attitudes and behaviors. We then sorted responses into profiles—three for mothers and four for fathers. We found that children of parents who reported the least amount of stress, highest feeling of competence, and use of responsive and directive parenting strategies (the Adaptive profile) had children with the least severe behavioral problems and autism symptoms. It was not necessary for both parents to be in the Adaptive category for child emotional and behavioral problems to less severe. We found that children did just as well when one parent was Adaptive compared with when both parents fell into this category.

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Cited references
72
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
0 / 72 (0.0%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
0 / 206 (0.0%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 0 / 20 (0.0%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 0 / 193 (0.0%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
20 / 206 (9.7%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 13 / 193 (6.7%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
20 / 20 (100.0%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 20 / 206 (9.7%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 13 / 13 (100.0%).
1 cited bibliography entry could not be fully enriched from DOI metadata.
Crossref: not found (1)
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