Psychometric validation and refinement of the Interoception Sensory Questionnaire (ISQ) in adolescents and adults on the autism spectrum

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Suzman, E., Williams, Z. J., Feldman, J. I., Failla, M. D., Cascio, C. J., Wallace, M. T., Niarchou, M., Sutcliffe, J. S., Wodka, E. L., & Woynaroski, T. G. (2021). Psychometric validation and refinement of the Interoception Sensory Questionnaire (ISQ) in adolescents and adults on the autism spectrum. Molecular Autism, 12(1), 42-42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-021-00440-y

Publication date: 7 Jun 2021 Added to AutiHub: 7 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
10
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 10 (10.0%)
  1. Evan Suzman
  2. Zachary J. Williams *
  3. Jacob I. Feldman
  4. Michelle D. Failla
  5. Carissa J. Cascio
  1. Mark T. Wallace
  2. Maria Niarchou
  3. James S. Sutcliffe
  4. Ericka L. Wodka
  5. Tiffany G. Woynaroski

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Individuals on the autism spectrum are reported to display alterations in interoception, the sense of the internal state of the body. The Interoception Sensory Questionnaire (ISQ) is a 20-item self-report measure of interoception specifically intended to measure this construct in autistic people. The psychometrics of the ISQ, however, have not previously been evaluated in a large sample of autistic individuals. METHODS: Using confirmatory factor analysis, we evaluated the latent structure of the ISQ in a large online sample of adults on the autism spectrum and found that the unidimensional model fit the data poorly. Using misspecification analysis to identify areas of local misfit and item response theory to investigate the appropriateness of the seven-point response scale, we removed redundant items and collapsed the response options to put forth a novel eight-item, five-response choice ISQ. RESULTS: The revised, five-response choice ISQ (ISQ-8) showed much improved fit while maintaining high internal reliability. Differential item functioning (DIF) analyses indicated that the items of the ISQ-8 were answered in comparable ways by autistic adolescents and adults and across multiple other sociodemographic groups. LIMITATIONS: Our results were limited by the fact that we did not collect data for typically developing controls, preventing the analysis of DIF by diagnostic status. Additionally, while this study proposes a new 5-response scale for the ISQ-8, our data were not collected using this method; thus, the psychometric properties for the revised version of this instrument require further investigation. CONCLUSION: The ISQ-8 shows promise as a reliable and valid measure of interoception in adolescents and adults on the autism spectrum, but additional work is needed to examine its psychometrics in this population. A free online score calculator has been created to facilitate the use of ISQ-8 latent trait scores for further studies of autistic adolescents and adults (available at https://asdmeasures.shinyapps.io/ISQ_score/ ).

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Cited references
95
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
2 / 95 (2.1%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
2 / 572 (0.3%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 2 / 63 (3.2%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 2 / 543 (0.4%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
63 / 572 (11.0%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 50 / 543 (9.2%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
61 / 63 (96.8%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 61 / 572 (10.7%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 48 / 50 (96.0%).
4 cited bibliography entries could not be fully enriched from DOI metadata.
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