Improving eye care access for autistic people: applying the autistic SPACE framework

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Edwards, C., Love, A. M., Cai, R. Y., Constable, P. A., Love, D. C., Parmar, K., Gowen, E., Doherty, M., & Gibbs, V. (2026). Improving eye care access for autistic people: applying the autistic SPACE framework. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 109(5), 1089-1092. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164622.2025.2606937

Publication date: 11 Jan 2026 Added to AutiHub: 5 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
9
Publication authors identified as autistic
2 / 9 (22.2%)
  1. Chris Edwards *
  2. Abigail M.A. Love
  3. Ru Ying Cai
  4. Paul A. Constable
  5. Daniel C. Love
  1. Ketan Parmar
  2. Emma Gowen
  3. Mary Doherty *
  4. Vicki Gibbs

Abstract

Autistic people, who represent approximately 3% of the population,1 frequently encounter barriers to healthcare due to a mismatch between their needs and conventional healthcare environments. These...

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Bibliography inclusion overview

These indicators describe the cited bibliography imported for this publication. Cited-reference metrics use the cited-reference total as denominator. Cited-author metrics state whether they use all cited-author occurrences or only occurrences linked to authors already integrated in the AutiHub database. They use cached links between cited authors and authors integrated in the AutiHub database. Last computed: 16 Aug 2026 11:30.

Cited references
12
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
2 / 12 (16.7%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
4 / 98 (4.1%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 4 / 15 (26.7%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 4 / 96 (4.2%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
15 / 98 (15.3%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 13 / 96 (13.5%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
11 / 15 (73.3%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 11 / 98 (11.2%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 9 / 13 (69.2%).
  1. Chloe Walsh , Sinéad Lydon , Emily O’Dowd , Paul O’Connor (2020). Barriers to Healthcare for Persons with Autism: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Development of A Taxonomy . Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 23(7), 413-430. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2020.1716868 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3004472967
    Crossref OpenAlex
  2. Kelly A. Shaw , Susan Williams , Mary E. Patrick , Miguel Valencia-Prado , Maureen S. Durkin , Ellen M. Howerton et al. (2025). Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 . MMWR. Surveillance Summaries, 74(2), 1-22. Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss7402a1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4409458169
    Crossref OpenAlex
  3. Shenae Calleja , Fakir M. Amirul Islam , Jonathan Kingsley , Rachael McDonald (2020). Healthcare access for autistic adults . Medicine, 99(29), e20899. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020899 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3043350455
    Crossref OpenAlex
  4. Olivia J Lindly , James Chan , Rachel M Fenning , Justin G Farmer , Ann M Neumeyer , Paul Wang et al. (2021). Vision care among school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder in North America: Findings from the Autism Treatment Network Registry Call-Back Study . Autism, 25(3), 840-853. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320942091 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3044006808
    Crossref OpenAlex
  5. Mark W. Swanson , Sarah Dille Lee , Marcela G. Frazier , Annette Bade , Rachel Anastacia Coulter (2020). Vision Screening among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Optometry and Vision Science, 97(11), 917-928. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001593 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3097631675
    Crossref OpenAlex
  6. Ketan Parmar , Catherine S. Porter , Christine M. Dickinson , Peter Baimbridge , James Pelham , Emma Gowen (2022). Autism‐friendly eyecare: Developing recommendations for service providers based on the experiences of autistic adults . Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 42(4), 675-693. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/opo.12975 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4221051766
    Crossref OpenAlex
  7. Edwards C (2025). Understanding eye care access for autistic adults and families: a convergent mixed-methods study . Autism.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  9. Gowen E (2017). Optometric and orthoptic findings in autism: a review and guidelines for working effectively with autistic adult patients during an optometric examination . Optom Pract, 18, 145.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  10. Chi‐Shin Wu , Tzu‐Hsun Tsai , Wei‐Li Chen , Hui‐Ju Tsai , Yi‐Ling Chien (2023). Ophthalmologic diagnoses in youths with autism spectrum disorder: Prevalence and clinical correlates . Autism Research, 16(10), 2008-2020. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.3019 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4386189870
    Crossref OpenAlex
  12. (n.d.). Parmar K Gowen E Dickinson C et al. Autism and Vision [Internet]. Manchester (UK): University of Manchester Body Eyes and Movement Lab; 2020 [cited 2025 Jul 18]. https://sites.manchester.ac.uk/autism-and-vision/
    Type: Other
    Crossref