Postsecondary Expectations of High-School Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Anderson, K. A., McDonald, T. A., Edsall, D., Smith, L. E., & Taylor, J. L. (2015). Postsecondary Expectations of High-School Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 31(1), 16-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088357615610107

Publication date: 6 Oct 2015 Added to AutiHub: 5 Oct 2026 Type: Article Article language: English

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
5
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 5 (20.0%)

Abstract

This study examined the perceptions of adulthood among 31 high-school students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We had two research aims: (a) to report students’ postsecondary expectations in terms of school, work, friendships, and living arrangement and (b) to describe how our sample defined adulthood. To better compare our sample’s criteria of adulthood with the criteria traditionally endorsed in secondary schools, we used a directed content analysis approach. Data were derived from a semi-structured interview that questioned students about friendships, activities, and the transition to adulthood. The majority of students expected to attain traditional markers of adulthood after high school. For some the pathways to achieving these outcomes were narrowly defined and perceived as a linear process. Independence, maturity, and personal responsibility were the most highly endorsed characteristics of adulthood, followed by chronological age and traditional markers. Implications for transition planning and adult services are discussed.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 17 Oct 2026 01:28.

Cited references
77
With a DOI
63
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
11
1 / 77 (1.3%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
5 / 77 (6.5%)
References with detected author names
73 / 77 (94.8%)
Without detected author names
4
Without a structured title
2
Without a stable identifier
9
References with raw author names still to review
1
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
190
From DOI or external metadata
190
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
1
33 / 190 (17.4%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 157 / 190 (82.6%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
1 / 190 (0.5%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 1 / 33 (3.0%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 1 / 161 (0.6%).
  1. Jonathan Tarbox , Carrie K. Zuckerman , Michele R. Bishop , Melissa L. Olive , Denis P. O’Hora (2011). Rule-Governed Behavior: Teaching a Preliminary Repertoire of Rule-Following to Children With Autism . The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 27(1), 125-139. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf03393096 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W59062748
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  2. Diane Adreon , Jennifer Stella Durocher (2007). Evaluating the College Transition Needs of Individuals With High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders . Intervention in School and Clinic, 42(5), 271-279. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Satu Elo , Helvi Kyngäs (2008). The qualitative content analysis process . Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107-115. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Jeffrey Jensen Arnett (2001). Conceptions of the Transition to Adulthood: Perspectives From Adolescence Through Midlife . Journal of Adult Development, 8(2), 133-143. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. González Moreno, Andrés Santiago (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Marion Kloep , Jeffrey Jensen Arnett (2010). Debating Emerging Adulthood: Stage or Process?
    Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W626612117
    OpenAlex
  7. Kristy A. Anderson , Paul Shattuck , Benjamin P Cooper , Anne M. Roux , Mary Wagner (2014). Prevalence and correlates of postsecondary residential status among young adults with an autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 18(5), 562-570. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. Xin Wei , Mary Wagner , Laura Hudson , Jennifer W. Yu , Paul Shattuck (2015). Transition to Adulthood . Emerging Adulthood, 3(1), 37-45. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  9. Deborah K. Padgett (2008). Qualitative methods in social work research . Qualitative methods in social work research.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W643388607
    Crossref OpenAlex
  10. JEFFREY JENSEN ARNETT (1997). Young People's Conceptions of the Transition to Adulthood . Youth & Society, 29(1), 3-23. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. Jeffrey Jensen Arnett (2006). Emerging Adulthood . Oxford University Press.
    OpenAlex
  12. Jeffrey Jensen Arnett (1998). Learning to Stand Alone: The Contemporary American Transition to Adulthood in Cultural and Historical Context . Human Development, 41(5-6), 295-315. S. Karger AG.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Michelle R. Munson , Bethany R. Lee , David Miller , Andrea Cole , Cristina Nedelcu (2013). Emerging adulthood among former system youth: The ideal versus the real . Children and Youth Services Review, 35(6), 923-929. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. (2013). Doing Qualitative Analysis In Psychology . Psychology Press.
    OpenAlex
  15. Ofra Mayseless , Miri Scharf (2003). What Does It Mean to Be an Adult? The Israeli Experience . New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2003(100), 5-20. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/cd.71 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1996449343
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Áine M. Humble (2009). Technique Triangulation for Validation in Directed Content Analysis . International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8(3), 34-51. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Arnett J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties . Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  18. Joseph M. Moran , Liane L. Young , Rebecca Saxe , Su Mei Lee , Daniel O'Young , Penelope L. Mavros et al. (2011). Impaired theory of mind for moral judgment in high-functioning autism . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 2688-2692. National Academy of Sciences.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Andrew S. Halpern (1993). Quality of Life as a Conceptual Framework for Evaluating Transition Outcomes . Exceptional Children, 59(6), 486-498. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Jeffrey Jensen Arnett , Marion Kloep , Leo B. Hendry , Jennifer L. Tanner (2011). Debating Emerging Adulthood . Oxford University Press.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Julie Lounds Taylor , Natalie A. Henninger (2015). Frequency and Correlates of Service Access Among Youth with Autism Transitioning to Adulthood . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(1), 179-191. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Leann E. Smith , Jan S. Greenberg , Marsha R. Mailick (2014). The Family Context of Autism Spectrum Disorders . Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23(1), 143-155. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Pamela Aronson (2008). The Markers and Meanings of Growing Up . Gender & Society, 22(1), 56-82. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Xin Wei , Elizabeth R. A. Christiano , Jennifer W. Yu , Jose Blackorby , Paul Shattuck , Lynn A. Newman (2014). Postsecondary Pathways and Persistence for STEM Versus Non-STEM Majors: Among College Students with an Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(5), 1159-1167. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Autism Speaks. (2012). Mounting evidence of critical need for adult transition support. http://www.autismspeaks.org/science/science-news/top-ten-lists/2012/mounting-evidence-critical-need-adult-transition-support
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  26. Gael I. Orsmond , Paul Shattuck , Benjamin P. Cooper , Paul R. Sterzing , Kristy A. Anderson (2013). Social Participation Among Young Adults with an Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(11), 2710-2719. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Christina Panagakis (2015). Reconsidering adulthood: Relative constructions of adult identity during the transition to adulthood . Advances in Life Course Research, 23, 1-13. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. S. Baron-Cohen , Sally Wheelwright , Amy Burtenshaw , Esther Hobson (2007). Mathematical Talent is Linked to Autism . Human Nature, 18(2), 125-131. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Phame M. Camarena , Pamela A. Sarigiani (2009). Postsecondary Educational Aspirations of High-Functioning Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders and Their Parents . Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 24(2), 115-128. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Manuel Madriaga (2010). ‘I avoid pubs and the student union like the plague’: Students with Asperger Syndrome and their negotiation of university spaces . Children's Geographies, 8(1), 39-50. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Hsu-Min Chiang , Ying Kuen Cheung , Linda Hickson , Rui Xiang , Luke Y. Tsai (2012). Predictive Factors of Participation in Postsecondary Education for High School Leavers with Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(5), 685-696. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Amie K. Senland , Ann Higgins-D’Alessandro (2013). Moral reasoning and empathy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: implications for moral education . Journal of Moral Education, 42(2), 209-223. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Lisa A. Ruble , Nancy J. Dalrymple (1996). An Alternative View of Outcome in Autism . Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 11(1), 3-14. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Megan A. Farley , William M. McMahon , Éric Fombonne , William R. Jenson , Judith S. Miller , Michael Gardner et al. (2009). Twenty‐year outcome for individuals with autism and average or near‐average cognitive abilities . Autism Research, 2(2), 109-118. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.69 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1983204707
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Julie Lounds Taylor , Marsha Mailick Seltzer (2011). Employment and Post-Secondary Educational Activities for Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders During the Transition to Adulthood . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(5), 566-574. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Catherine M. Fox (2011). Expectations and the post transition of young adults with an autism spectrum disorder to post-secondary education . In Expectations and the post transition of young adults with an autism spectrum disorder to post-secondary education.
    Type: Book chapter OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2135370799
    Crossref OpenAlex
  37. Ernst VanBergeijk , Ami Klin , Fred Volkmar (2008). Supporting More Able Students on the Autism Spectrum: College and Beyond . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(7), 1359-1370. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  38. Frank F. Furstenberg , Sheela Kennedy , Vonnie C. McLoyd , Rubén G. Rumbaut , Richard A. Settersten (2004). Growing Up is Harder to do . Contexts, 3(3), 33-41. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Paul Shattuck , Sarah Carter Narendorf , Benjamin Cooper , Paul R. Sterzing , Mary Wagner , Julie Lounds Taylor (2012). Postsecondary Education and Employment Among Youth With an Autism Spectrum Disorder . Pediatrics, 129(6), 1042-1049. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. Joel R. Sneed , Fumiaki Hamagami , John J. McArdle , Patricia Cohen , Henian Chen (2007). The Dynamic Interdependence of Developmental Domains Across Emerging Adulthood . Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(3), 351-362. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  41. Petr Macek , Josef Bejček , Jitka Vaníčková (2007). Contemporary Czech Emerging Adults . Journal of Adolescent Research, 22(5), 444-475. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Jessica Halliday Hardie (2014). The consequences of unrealized occupational goals in the transition to adulthood . Social Science Research, 48, 196-211. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Margarete Sandelowski (2000). Whatever happened to qualitative description? Research in Nursing & Health, 23(4), 334-340. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. Hayes N. (1997). Doing qualitative analysis in psychology . Doing qualitative analysis in psychology.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  45. Patricia A. Daly , Jeff Q. Bostic (2006). Asperger's Syndrome: Intervening in Schools, Clinics and Communities . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(6), 761-763. Elsevier BV.
    OpenAlex
  46. Leo B. Hendry , Marion Kloep (2010). How universal is emerging adulthood? An empirical example . Journal of Youth Studies, 13(2), 169-179. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Kara Hume , Brian A. Boyd , Jill V. Hamm , Suzanne Kucharczyk (2014). Supporting Independence in Adolescents on the Autism Spectrum . Remedial and Special Education, 35(2), 102-113. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. Natalie A. Henninger , Julie Lounds Taylor (2013). Outcomes in adults with autism spectrum disorders: a historical perspective . Autism, 17(1), 103-116. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  49. Evie Kins , Wim Beyers (2010). Failure to Launch, Failure to Achieve Criteria for Adulthood? Journal of Adolescent Research, 25(5), 743-777. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  50. Natalie A. Henninger , Julie Lounds Taylor (2014). Family Perspectives on a Successful Transition to Adulthood for Individuals With Disabilities . Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 52(2), 98-111. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. Katariina Salmela-Aro , Kaisa Aunola , Jari-Erik Nurmi (2007). Personal Goals During Emerging Adulthood . Journal of Adolescent Research, 22(6), 690-715. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. Megan C. Tobin , Kathryn D.R. Drager , Laura F. Richardson (2014). A systematic review of social participation for adults with autism spectrum disorders: Support, social functioning, and quality of life . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(3), 214-229. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  53. Ashleigh Hillier , Tom Fish , Patricia Cloppert , David Quentin Beversdorf (2007). Outcomes of a Social and Vocational Skills Support Group for Adolescents and Young Adults on the Autism Spectrum . Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 22(2), 107-115. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. Dennis P. Hogan , Nan Marie Astone (1986). The Transition to Adulthood . Annual Review of Sociology, 12(1), 109-130. Annual Reviews.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. Paul Shattuck , Gael I. Orsmond , Mary Wagner , Benjamin P. Cooper (2011). Participation in Social Activities among Adolescents with an Autism Spectrum Disorder . PLoS ONE, 6(11), e27176. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  56. Ava D. Horowitz , Rachel D. Bromnick (2007). “Contestable Adulthood” . Youth & Society, 39(2), 209-231. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  57. Michael J. Shanahan (2000). Pathways to Adulthood in Changing Societies: Variability and Mechanisms in Life Course Perspective . Annual Review of Sociology, 26(1), 667-692. Annual Reviews.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  58. Hsiu-Fang Hsieh , Sarah E. Shannon (2005). Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis . Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  59. Laura Krefting (1991). Rigor in Qualitative Research: The Assessment of Trustworthiness . American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45(3), 214-222. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  60. Catherine Lord (2001). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) manual . Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) manual.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  61. Michael J. Shanahan , Erik J. Porfeli , Jeylan T. Mortimer , Lance D. Erickson (2005). Subjective Age Identity and the Transition to Adulthood . In On the Frontier of Adulthood (pp. 225-255). University of Chicago Press.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  62. Marc Molgat (2007). Do Transitions and Social Structures Matter? How ‘Emerging Adults’ Define Themselves as Adults . Journal of Youth Studies, 10(5), 495-516. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  63. Gerhard Andersson (1998). Doing qualitative analysis in psychology. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 5(4).
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2106161974
    OpenAlex
  64. Larry J. Nelson (2009). An examination of emerging adulthood in Romanian college students . International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33(5), 402-411. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  65. Julie Lounds Taylor , Marsha R. Mailick (2014). A longitudinal examination of 10-year change in vocational and educational activities for adults with autism spectrum disorders. Developmental Psychology, 50(3), 699-708. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/a0034297 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2108331480
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  66. Leann E. Smith , Matthew J. Maenner , Marsha Mailick Seltzer (2012). Developmental Trajectories in Adolescents and Adults With Autism: The Case of Daily Living Skills . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(6), 622-631. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  67. W. James Potter , Deborah Levine‐Donnerstein (1999). Rethinking validity and reliability in content analysis . Journal of Applied Communication Research, 27(3), 258-284. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  68. Roid G. H. (2003). Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales . Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  69. Rutter M. (2003). Social Communication Questionnaire-WPS (SCQ-WPS) . Social Communication Questionnaire-WPS (SCQ-WPS).
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  70. Wechsler D. (1999). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) manual . Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) manual.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  71. Ralph J. Coates , Martha Stanbury , Ruth Jajosky , Kimberly Thomas , Michele Monti , Patricia Schleiff et al. (2016). Introduction to the Summary of Notifiable Noninfectious Conditions and Disease Outbreaks — United States . MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(55), 1-4. Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office.
    OpenAlex
  72. (2021). Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales . In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders (pp. 4604-4604). Springer International Publishing.
    OpenAlex
  73. Welkowitz L. A. (2005). Asperger’s syndrome: Intervening in schools, clinics and communities . Asperger’s syndrome: Intervening in schools, clinics and communities, 173.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  74. Wingate M. (2014). bibr68-1088357615610107 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(2), 1.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  75. (2010). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 21(4), 372-372. SAGE Publications.
    OpenAlex
  76. Centers for Disease Control , Prevention (2014). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders among children aged 8years: autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2010 . MMWR CDC Surveill. Summ., 63(2), 1.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4298369158
    OpenAlex