Distinguishing reality from fantasy in adults with autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from eye movements and reading

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Ferguson, H. J., Black, J., & Williams, D. M. (2019). Distinguishing reality from fantasy in adults with autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from eye movements and reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 106, 95-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2019.03.001

Publication date: 11 Mar 2019 Added to AutiHub: 4 Oct 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
3
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 3 (33.3%)
  1. Heather Jane Ferguson
  2. Jo Black *
  3. David M. Williams

Abstract

Understanding fictional events requires one to distinguish reality from fantasy, and thus engages high-level processes including executive functions and imagination, both of which are impaired in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We examined how adults with and without ASD make sense of reality-violating fantasy narratives by testing real-time understanding of counterfactuals. Participants were eye-tracked as they read narratives that depicted novel counterfactual scenarios that violate reality (e.g. “If margarine contained detergent, Mum could use margarine in her washing/baking”, Experiment 1), or counterfactual versions of known fictional worlds (e.g. “If Harry Potter had lost all his magic powers, he would use his broom to sweep/fly”, Experiment 2). Results revealed anomaly detection effects in the early moments of processing (immediately in Experiment 1, and from the post-critical region in Experiment 2), which were not modulated by group. We discuss these findings in relation to the constraints from real-world and fantasy contexts that compete to influence language comprehension, and identify a dissociation between ToM impairments and counterfactual processing abilities.

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Cited references
96
With a DOI
83
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
12
1 / 96 (1.0%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
2 / 96 (2.1%)
References with detected author names
94 / 96 (97.9%)
Without detected author names
2
Without a structured title
1
Without a stable identifier
10
References with raw author names still to review
1
References with external metadata lookup issues
1
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
228
From DOI or external metadata
228
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
4
38 / 228 (16.7%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 190 / 228 (83.3%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
1 / 228 (0.4%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 1 / 38 (2.6%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 1 / 164 (0.6%).
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