From tokenism to empowerment: progressing patient and public involvement in healthcare improvement

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref OpenCitations
Learn more about the sources used

Ocloo, J. & Matthews, R. (2016). From tokenism to empowerment: progressing patient and public involvement in healthcare improvement. BMJ Quality & Safety, 25(8), 626-632. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004839

Publication date: 18 Mar 2016 Added to AutiHub: 18 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
OpenAlex source Publisher source (DOI) Full text

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
2
Publication authors identified as autistic
0 / 2 (0.0%)
  1. Josephine Ocloo
  2. Rachel Matthews

Abstract

Background There have been repeated calls to better involve patients and the public and to place them at the centre of healthcare. Serious clinical and service failings in the UK and internationally increase the urgency and importance of addressing this problem. Despite this supportive policy context, progress to achieve greater involvement is patchy and slow and often concentrated at the lowest levels of involvement. Methods A selective narrative literature search was guided by the authors’ broad expertise, covering a range of disciplines across health and social care, policy and research. Published systematic literature reviews were used to identify relevant authors and publications. Google and hand searches of journal articles and reference lists and reports augmented identification of recent evidence. Results Patients and the wider public can be involved at most stages of healthcare, and this can have a number of benefits. Uncertainty persists about why and how to do involvement well and evaluate its impact, how to involve and support a diversity of individuals, and in ways that allow them to work in partnership to genuinely influence decision-making. This exposes patient and public involvement (PPI) to criticisms of exclusivity and tokenism. Conclusions Current models of PPI are too narrow, and few organisations mention empowerment or address equality and diversity in their involvement strategies. These aspects of involvement should receive greater attention, as well as the adoption of models and frameworks that enable power and decision-making to be shared more equitably with patients and the public in designing, planning and co-producing healthcare.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

2 cited bibliography entries could not be fully enriched from DOI metadata.
Crossref: not found (1) · DataCite: not found (1)
  1. (2014). Reflective Practitioner . In The Reflective Practitioner in Professional Education. Palgrave Macmillan.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1057/9781137399595.0007 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W31045409
    OpenAlex
  2. (n.d.). Bristol Royal Infirmary Inquiry. The Report of the Public Inquiry into Children's Heart surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary 1984–1995. London: HMSO, 2001.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  3. Josephine Ocloo , Naomi J. Fulop (2012). Developing a ‘critical’ approach to patient and public involvement in patient safety in the NHS: learning lessons from other parts of the public sector? Health Expectations, 15(4), 424-432. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-7625.2011.00695.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2142802550
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Susan Edgman‐Levitan , Carla W. Brady , Peter Howitt (2013). Partnering with Patients, Families, and Communities For Health: A Global Imperative .
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W310947460
    OpenAlex
  5. (n.d.). Francis R. Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry. London: Stationery Office, 2013.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  6. Suman Fernando (2005). Multicultural Mental Health Services: Projects for Minority Ethnic Communities in England . Transcultural Psychiatry, 42(3), 420-436. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1363461505055624 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2150158031
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. D Acheson (1998). Independent inquiry into inequalities in health report .
    Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W431803196
    OpenAlex
  8. (n.d.). Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS. To err is human: building a safer health system. Washington: National Academies Press, 1999.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  9. (2010). User Involvement in Health Care . Wiley.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.1002/9781444325164 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2473410508
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Bec Hanley , Jane Bradburn , Marion Barnes , Clare Evans , Heather Goodare , Marcia Kelson et al. (2004). Involving the public in NHS public health, and social care research: briefing notes for researchers .
    Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1488517369
    OpenAlex
  11. (n.d.). WHO. World Alliance for Patient Safety forward programme. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008–2009.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  12. C A Vincent (2002). Patient safety: what about the patient? Quality and Safety in Health Care, 11(1), 76-80. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/qhc.11.1.76 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2139234290
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Sophie Staniszewska , Ade Adebajo , Rosemary Barber , Peter Beresford , Louca-Mai Brady , Jo Brett et al. (2011). Developing the evidence base of patient and public involvement in health and social care research: the case for measuring impact . International Journal of Consumer Studies, 35(6), 628-632. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1470-6431.2011.01020.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1829865803
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Kieran Walshe , Stephen M. Shortell (2004). When Things Go Wrong: How Health Care Organizations Deal With Major Failures . Health Affairs, 23(3), 103-111. Health Affairs Publishing, LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.23.3.103 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2096668878
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. (2011). Critical perspectives on user involvement . Bristol University Press.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.2307/j.ctt9qgshb OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1890115930
    OpenAlex
  16. (n.d.). WHO. European regional patients for patient safety workshop report. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2007.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  17. Josephine Ocloo (2010). Harmed patients gaining voice: Challenging dominant perspectives in the construction of medical harm and patient safety reforms . Social Science & Medicine, 71(3), 510-516. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.050 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1972209115
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. Rob Baggott (2008). Healthy democracy: the future of involvement in health and social care . Health Expectations, 11(2), 202-203. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-7625.2007.00480.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1964218471
    OpenAlex
  19. (n.d.). (APPG) APPG. Patient empowerment: for better quality, more sustainable health services globally. London: House of Commons, 2014.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  20. Suzanne Wait , Ellen Nolte (2006). Public involvement policies in health: exploring their conceptual basis . Health Economics, Policy and Law, 1(2), 149-162. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s174413310500112x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2127491655
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. G. M. Teasdale (2002). Learning from Bristol: report of the public inquiry into children's heart surgery at Bristol Royal Infirmary 1984-1995 . British Journal of Neurosurgery, 16(3), 211-216. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/02688690220148815 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1967785333
    OpenAlex
  22. (n.d.). Edgman-Levitan S, Brady C, Howitt P. Partnering with patients, families, and communities: a global imperative. Doha: World Innovation Summit for Health (WISH), 2013.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  23. A Szczepura (2005). Access to health care for ethnic minority populations . Postgraduate Medical Journal, 81(953), 141-147. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.2004.026237 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2061798318
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. John Church , Duncan Saunders , Margaret Wanke , Raymond Pong , Carol Spooner , Marlene Dorgan (2002). Citizen Participation in Health Decision-Making: Past Experience and Future Prospects . Journal of Public Health Policy, 23(1), 12. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/3343116 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2053129841
    Crossref OpenAlex
  25. Angela Coulter , Jo Ellins (2007). Effectiveness of strategies for informing, educating, and involving patients . BMJ, 335(7609), 24-27. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39246.581169.80 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2138588255
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Mike Crawford , Deborah Rutter , Catherine Manley , Timothy Weaver , Kamaldeep Bhui , Naomi Fulop et al. (2002). Systematic review of involving patients in the planning and development of health care . BMJ, 325(7375), 1263. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/bmj.325.7375.1263 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1984636635
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Jonathan Q. Tritter (2009). Revolution or evolution: the challenges of conceptualizing patient and public involvement in a consumerist world . Health Expectations, 12(3), 275-287. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-7625.2009.00564.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2052745178
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Bart N. Green , Claire Johnson , Alan Adams (2006). Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade . Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 5(3), 101-117. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s0899-3467(07)60142-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2004462823
    OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Graham P. Martin (2008). Representativeness, legitimacy and power in public involvement in health-service management . Social Science & Medicine, 67(11), 1757-1765. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.024 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2005348397
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. (n.d.). Coulter A, Ellins J. Patient focused interventions: a review of the evidence. London: The Health Foundation, 2006.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  31. Athena McLean (1995). Empowerment and the psychiatric consumer/ex-patient movement in the United States: Contradictions, crisis and change . Social Science & Medicine, 40(8), 1053-1071. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(94)00179-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2007195234
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. M. Lyons (2007). Should patients have a role in patient safety? A safety engineering view . Quality and Safety in Health Care, 16(2), 140-142. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/qshc.2006.018861 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2148877881
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Sherry R. Arnstein (1969). A Ladder Of Citizen Participation . Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216-224. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/01944366908977225 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2008251417
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. (n.d.). Parsons S, Winterbottom A, Cross P, et al. The quality of patient engagement and involvement in primary care. London: The King's Fund, 2010.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  35. R H T Edwards (2003). Nemesis, Sisyphus, and a contribution from the medical humanities to health research . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57(12), 926-927. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/jech.57.12.926 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2076887346
    OpenCitations
  36. A. G. Mulley , C. Trimble , G. Elwyn (2012). Stop the silent misdiagnosis: patients' preferences matter . BMJ, 345(nov07 6), e6572-e6572. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e6572 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2009478572
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. (n.d.). Healthcare Commission. Listening, learning, working together? London: Healthcare Commission, 2009.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  38. Peter Beresford , Fran Branfield (2011). Building solidarity, ensuring diversity: lessons from service users' and disabled people's movements . In Critical Perspectives on User Involvement (pp. 33-46). Policy Press.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781847427519.003.0004 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2476126170
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Anne Rogers , David Pilgrim (1991). ‘Pulling down churches’: accounting for the British Mental Health Users’ Movement . Sociology of Health & Illness, 13(2), 129-148. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9566.1991.tb00093.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2010555797
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. (n.d.). National Institute for Health Research. Going the Extra Mile: improving the Nation's health and wellbeing through public involvement in research. London: National Institute for Health Research, 2015.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  41. Cathy Charles , Amiram Gafni , Tim Whelan (1999). Decision-making in the physician–patient encounter: revisiting the shared treatment decision-making model . Social Science & Medicine, 49(5), 651-661. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00145-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2105663228
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Huw Talfryn Oakley Davies , Adam Valentine Shields (1999). DISCUSSION PAPER: Public trust and accountability for clinical performance: lessons from the national press reportage of the Bristol hearing . Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 5(3), 335-342. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2753.1999.00200.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2012306794
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Jo Brett , Sophie Staniszewska , Carole Mockford , Sandra Herron-Marx , John Hughes , Colin Tysall et al. (2014). A Systematic Review of the Impact of Patient and Public Involvement on Service Users, Researchers and Communities . The Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, 7(4), 387-395. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40271-014-0065-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2094067116
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. DAVINA POROCK (2004). The Doctors' Tale . European Journal of Cancer Care, 13(4), 394-394. Hindawi Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2354.2004.00517.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2018084026
    OpenAlex
  45. Jonathan Boote , Ruth Wong , Andrew Booth (2015). ‘Talking the talk or walking the walk?’ A bibliometric review of the literature on public involvement in health research published between 1995 and 2009 . Health Expectations, 18(1), 44-57. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/hex.12007 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2028346186
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. Carole Mockford , Sophie Staniszewska , F. Griffiths , S. Herron-Marx (2012). The impact of patient and public involvement on UK NHS health care: a systematic review . International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 24(1), 28-38. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzr066 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2112825966
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Herman Turk , Eliot Freidson (1971). Professional Dominance: The Social Structure of Medical Care. American Sociological Review, 36(6), 1168. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/2093844 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2030998432
    OpenAlex
  48. Green (2001). Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade . J Sports Chiropr Rehabil, 15, 5.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  49. Phil Brown , Stephen Zavestoski (2004). Social movements in health: an introduction . Sociology of Health & Illness, 26(6), 679-694. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.0141-9889.2004.00413.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2033272049
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  50. Deborah Rutter , Catherine Manley , Tim Weaver , Mike Crawford , Naomi Fulop (2004). Patients or partners? Case studies of user involvement in the planning and delivery of adult mental health services in London . Social Science & Medicine, 58(10), 1973-1984. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00401-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2039380314
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. Jo Brett , Sophie Staniszewska , Carole Mockford , Sandra Herron‐Marx , John Hughes , Colin Tysall et al. (2014). Mapping the impact of patient and public involvement on health and social care research: a systematic review . Health Expectations, 17(5), 637-650. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-7625.2012.00795.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2049504028
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. Peter J. Mazzone (2012). Beyond the Usual Suspects . Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 7(10), 1477-1478. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3182691425 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2044342064
    OpenAlex
  53. (n.d.). Irvine D. The Doctors’ Tale. London: Routledge, 2004.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  54. (2011). Critical perspectives on user involvement . Policy Press.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.56687/9781847429483 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4383810785
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. Andy Gibson , Nicky Britten , James Lynch (2012). Theoretical directions for an emancipatory concept of patient and public involvement . Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine, 16(5), 531-547. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1363459312438563 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2147964442
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  56. Maggie Peat , Vikki Entwistle , Jill Hall , Yvonne Birks , Su Golder (2010). Scoping Review and Approach to Appraisal of Interventions Intended to Involve Patients in Patient Safety . Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 15(1_suppl), 17-25. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1258/jhsrp.2009.009040 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2136908381
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  57. (n.d.). Beresford P. Beyond the usual suspects. London: Shaping Our Lives, 2013.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  58. Kristin L. Carman , Pam Dardess , Maureen Maurer , Shoshanna Sofaer , Karen Adams , Christine Bechtel et al. (2013). Patient And Family Engagement: A Framework For Understanding The Elements And Developing Interventions And Policies . Health Affairs, 32(2), 223-231. Health Affairs Publishing, LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2012.1133 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2107459555
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  59. Ossie Stuart (2009). User participation in health care services . Ethnicity and Inequalities in Health and Social Care, 2(4), 50-59. Emerald.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1108/17570980200900029 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2070735289
    OpenAlex
  60. (n.d.). Trivedi P. Black service ‘user involvement’—rhetoric or reality. In: Fernando S, Keating F, eds. Mental Health in a Multi-Ethnic Society. 2nd edn. London: Routledge, 2009:136–46.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  61. Liam Donaldson (2008). The challenge of quality and patient safety . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 101(7), 338-341. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1258/jrsm.2008.nh8003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2101362623
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  62. Ivan Illich (1974). MEDICAL NEMESIS . The Lancet, 303(7863), 918-921. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90361-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4243461763
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  63. (n.d.). Faulkner A, Yiannoullou S, Kalathil J, et al. Involvement for Influence. 4PI National Involvement Standards. London: National survivor User Network (NSUN), 2015.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  64. (n.d.). INVOLVE. Briefing notes for researchers: involving the public in NHS, public health and social care research. Eastleigh: Hampshire INVOLVE, 2012.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  65. Jonathan Quetzal Tritter , Alison McCallum (2006). The snakes and ladders of user involvement: Moving beyond Arnstein . Health Policy, 76(2), 156-168. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.05.008 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2161436779
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  66. Jeph Herrin , Kathleen G Harris , Kevin Kenward , Stephen Hines , Maulik S Joshi , Dominick L Frosch (2016). Patient and family engagement: a survey of US hospital practices . BMJ Quality & Safety, 25(3), 182-189. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004006 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2114369119
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  67. J T Hart (1983). Inequalities in Health, The Black Report . Postgraduate Medical Journal, 59(688), 131-131. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.59.688.131 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2118957136
    OpenAlex
  68. (n.d.). Royal College of General Practitioners. Health Literacy. London: Royal College of General Practitioners, 2014.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  69. (n.d.). National Voices. Supporting shared decison-making. Secondary Supporting shared decison-making 11th September 2015. http://www.nationalvoices.org.uk/evidence
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  70. (n.d.). Andersson E, Tritter J, Wilson R. Healthy Democracy: the future of involvement in health and social care. London: Involve and NHS National Centre for Involvement, 2012.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  71. Maren Batalden , Paul Batalden , Peter Margolis , Michael Seid , Gail Armstrong , Lisa Opipari-Arrigan et al. (2016). Coproduction of healthcare service . BMJ Quality & Safety, 25(7), 509-517. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004315 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2277370197
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  72. (n.d.). Coulter A. Engaging patients in healthcare. Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2011.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  73. (n.d.). Freidson E. Professional dominance: the social structure of medical care. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1970.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  74. (n.d.). Oakley A. ‘Wisewoman and medicine man: changes in the management of childbirth. In: Mitchell J, Oakley A, eds. The rights and wrongs of woman. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976:17–58.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  75. Institute of Medicine (2000). To Err Is Human . National Academies Press.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.17226/9728 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2166858912
    OpenAlex
  76. (n.d.). Acheson D. Independent Inquiry into inequalities in health report. London: The Stationery Office, 1998.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  77. Paul Martin (2013). Erratum to “The mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation trust inquiry: The Robert Francis report” [Nurse Education Today (Issue 33/3) Page 181–182] . Nurse Education Today, 33(6), 698. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Erratum DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2013.05.010 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2323294627
    OpenAlex
  78. (n.d.). Townsend P, Davidson N, Whitehead M. Inequalities in health: the black report and the health divide. London: Penguin, 1988.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  79. Andrew Wall (2000). Book Review . British Journal of Healthcare Management, 6(9), 413-413. Mark Allen Group.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.12968/bjhc.2000.6.9.19311 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2324093677
    OpenAlex
  80. Debra Fearns (2007). Death by indifference. PubMed, 16(11), 642-642.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2413762435
    OpenAlex
  81. (n.d.). Schon D. The reflective practitioner. London: Temple Smith, 1983.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  82. (n.d.). Stuart O. User participation in health care services. London: Race Equality Foundation, 2008:1–7.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  83. John Fry (1983). The Royal College of General Practitioners . In Present State and Future Needs in General Practice (pp. 73-75). Springer Netherlands.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-7304-9_14 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2497507960
    OpenAlex
  84. Jenny Reich , Linda Liebenberg , Mallery Denny , Hannah Battiste , Angelo Bernard , Kevin Christmas et al. (2017). In This Together . International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1). SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1609406917717345 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2737661171
    OpenAlex
  85. Suman Fernando , Frank Keating (2008). Black service `user involvement' ± rhetoric or reality?
    Type: Article DOI: 10.4324/9780203895535-19 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3012904189 Crossref: not found DataCite: not found
    OpenAlex
  86. (n.d.). Bécares L. Which ethnic groups have the poorest health? Ethnic health inequalities 1991 to 2011. Manchester: University of Manchester, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2013.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  87. Roger Evans (2014). National Institute for Health Research . Nursing Standard, 28(49), 32-32. RCN Publishing Ltd..
    Type: Article DOI: 10.7748/ns.28.49.32.s37 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4245576698
    OpenAlex
  88. (n.d.). White S. What does good care look like for a deafblind person?. London: Sense, 2014.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  89. (n.d.). Mencap. Death by indifference. London: Mencap, 2007.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  90. Kohn, Linda T. , Donaldson, Molla S. , Corrigan,Janet M. (2000). To Err Is Human: Building A Safer Health System .
    Type: Other OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W7028456792
    OpenAlex
  91. (n.d.). The Health Foundation. Leading the way to shared decison making. London: The Health Foundation, 2012.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  92. (n.d.). Coulter A, Collins A. Making shared decision-making a reality. No decision about me, without me. London: The King's Fund, 2011.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  93. (n.d.). Boyle D, Slay J, Stephens L. Public services inside Out. Putting co-production into practice. London: NESTA, 2010.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  94. (n.d.). Slay J, Robinson B. In this together; Building knowledge about co-production. London: New Economics Foundation, 2011.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  95. (n.d.). Alakeson V, Bunnin A, Miller C. Coproduction of health and wellbeing outcomes: the new paradigm for effective health and social care. London: OPM, 2013.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  96. (n.d.). Social Care Institute for Excellence (SCIE). Co-production: an emerging evidence base for adult social care transformation. London: SCIE, 2009.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  97. (n.d.). Health Foundation. Evaluation: what to consider. London: Health Foundation, 2015.
    Type: Other
    Crossref