Race and Sex Bias in the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2) and Disparities in Autism Diagnoses

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

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Williams, Z. J. (2022). Race and Sex Bias in the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2) and Disparities in Autism Diagnoses. JAMA Network Open, 5(4), e229503. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.9503

Journal or book title
JAMA Network Open
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Volume
5
Issue
4
Pages
e229503
Publication date: 2022 Added to AutiHub: 7 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) Full text OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
1
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 1 (100.0%)
  1. Zachary J. Williams *

Abstract

No structured abstract stored for this reference.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 14:04.

Cited references
7
With a DOI
7
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
0
0 / 7 (0.0%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
0 / 7 (0.0%)
References with detected author names
7 / 7 (100.0%)
Without detected author names
0
Without a structured title
0
Without a stable identifier
0
References with raw author names still to review
0
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
64
From DOI or external metadata
64
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
0
10 / 64 (15.6%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 54 / 64 (84.4%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
0 / 64 (0.0%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 0 / 10 (0.0%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 0 / 63 (0.0%).
  1. Louis Tay , Adam W Meade , Mengyang Cao (2015). An Overview and Practical Guide to IRT Measurement Equivalence Analysis . Organizational Research Methods, 18(1), 3-46. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1094428114553062 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2320111878
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  2. Matthew J. Maenner , Kelly A. Shaw , Amanda V. Bakian , Deborah A. Bilder , Maureen S. Durkin , Amy Esler et al. (2021). Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2018 . MMWR. Surveillance Summaries, 70(11), 1-16. Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss7011a1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3216151710
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Cynthia Nevison , Walter Zahorodny (2019). Race/Ethnicity-Resolved Time Trends in United States ASD Prevalence Estimates from IDEA and ADDM . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(12), 4721-4730. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04188-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2969993435
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Michael L. Thomas (2019). Advances in applications of item response theory to clinical assessment. Psychological Assessment, 31(12), 1442-1455. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/pas0000597 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2921284412
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Ginny Russell , Sal Stapley , Tamsin Newlove‐Delgado , Andrew Salmon , Rhianna White , Fiona Warren et al. (2022). Time trends in autism diagnosis over 20 years: a UK population‐based cohort study . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(6), 674-682. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13505 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3193769374
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Meng-Chuan Lai , Hsiang‐Yuan Lin , Stephanie H. Ameis (2022). Towards equitable diagnoses for autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across sexes and genders . Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 35(2), 90-100. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000770 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4200265675
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Luther G. Kalb , Vini Singh , Ji Su Hong , Calliope Holingue , Natasha N. Ludwig , Danika Pfeiffer et al. (2022). Analysis of race and sex bias in the autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS-2) . JAMA Network Open, 5(4), e229498. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.9498 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4224921390
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations