Lived Experience of Friendship and Mate Crime in Autistic Adults

Pearson, A. & Forster, S. (2019). Lived Experience of Friendship and Mate Crime in Autistic Adults [Preprint]. MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201903.0153.v1

Publication date: 14 Mar 2019 Added to AutiHub: 6 Jul 2026 Type: Preprint Article language: English

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
2
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 2 (50.0%)

Abstract

Mate crime is a specific subset of hate crime in which the perpetrator is known to the victim. To date, there is very little research into the perception and experience of mate crime in autism. The aim of the current study was to examine perceptions of friendship and mate crime in autistic adults, using semi-structured interviews. Five adults were interviewed about their experiences of social interactions, friendships and mate crime. Participants described distancing themselves from the ‘disability’ label whilst growing up to avoid condescension and being perceived as vulnerable, whilst learning to camouflage their social difficulties. Feelings of anxiety were associated with socialising, and participants valued relationships that did not place too many overwhelming demands on their time or energy. Finally, all participants had prior experiences of bullying. They understood the concept of mate crime but were unsure as to whether they would be able to identify it in their own lives if it occurred. However they could identify potential support networks in close friends and family. Results highlight the importance of further research into positive and negative aspects of social relationships in autistic adults, and the need to provide support to those who are socially vulnerable.

Related publications

These links indicate preprints, protocols, published versions, or related records identified in AutiHub.

Published version

Confirmed Reliability level: High Crossref

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Bibliography inclusion overview

These indicators describe the cited bibliography imported for this publication. Cited-reference metrics use the cited-reference total as denominator. Cited-author metrics state whether they use all cited-author occurrences or only occurrences linked to authors already integrated in the AutiHub database. They use cached links between cited authors and authors integrated in the AutiHub database. Last computed: 16 Aug 2026 11:31.

Cited references
56
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
6 / 56 (10.7%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
6 / 139 (4.3%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 6 / 35 (17.1%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 2 / 131 (1.5%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
35 / 139 (25.2%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 27 / 131 (20.6%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
29 / 35 (82.9%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 29 / 139 (20.9%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 25 / 27 (92.6%).
  1. Bell, Jeannine (2003). Policing hatred: law enforcement, civil rights, and hate crime . Choice Reviews Online, 40(06), 40-3682-40-3682. American Library Association.
    OpenAlex
  2. Andrew Bowie (1998). Criticism . In Friedrich Schleiermacher Hermeneutics and Criticism (pp. 158-224). Cambridge University Press.
    OpenCitations
  3. Donna Reeve (2004). Psycho-emotional dimensions of disability and the social model . Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University).
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W414501821
    OpenAlex
  4. Nirit Bauminger , Connie Kasari (2000). Loneliness and Friendship in High-Functioning Children with Autism . Child Development, 71(2), 447-456. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Liane Holliday Willey (1999). Pretending to be Normal: Living with Asperger's Syndrome .
    Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1491489734
    OpenAlex
  6. Anthony R. Beech , Catherine E. Hamilton-Giachritsis (2005). Relationship Between Therapeutic Climate and Treatment Outcome in Group-Based Sexual Offender Treatment Programs . Sexual Abuse, 17(2), 127-140. SAGE Publications.
    OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… (2013). ‘Filling in the Gaps’: A Micro-Sociological Analysis of Autism . Autonomy, the Critical Journal of Interdisciplinary Autism Studies, 1(2), 1.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1520062856
    OpenAlex
  8. Phyllis B. Gerstenfeld (2018). Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies . SAGE Publications, Inc.
    OpenAlex
  9. Valerian Chambon , Chlöé Farrer , Elisabeth Pacherie , Pierre O. Jacquet , Marion Leboyer , Tiziana Zalla (2017). Reduced sensitivity to social priors during action prediction in adults with autism spectrum disorders . Cognition, 160, 17-26. Elsevier BV.
    OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Eric John Miller , Geraldine V. Gwynne (1972). A life apart: A pilot study of residential institutions for the physically handicapped and the young chronic sick .
    Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1592266569
    OpenAlex
  11. Ged Doherty (2015). Do mates hate? A framing of the theoretical position of mate crime and an assessment of its practical impact . The Journal of Adult Protection, 17(5), 296-307. Emerald.
    OpenAlex
  12. Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… , Lyte Moon (2012). The normalisation agenda and the psycho-emotional disablement of autistic people. Autonomy, the Critical Journal of Interdisciplinary Autism Studies, 1(1), 1.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1892279485
    OpenAlex
  13. Megan Armstrong , Christopher Morris , Charles Abraham , Obioha C. Ukoumunne , Mark Tarrant (2016). Children’s contact with people with disabilities and their attitudes towards disability: a cross-sectional study . Disability and Rehabilitation, 38(9), 879-888. Informa UK Limited.
    OpenAlex
  14. Francesca Happé , Rhonda Booth , Rebecca A. Charlton , Claire Hughes (2006). Executive function deficits in autism spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Examining profiles across domains and ages . Brain and Cognition, 61(1), 25-39. Elsevier BV.
    OpenAlex
  15. W. Bruns-Young (1972). A life apart. A pilot study of residential institutions for the physically handicapped and the young chronic sick . Social Science & Medicine (1967), 6(6), 773-774. Elsevier BV.
    OpenAlex
  16. Goffman E. (1969). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity . Postgraduate Medical Journal, 45(527), 642-642. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    OpenAlex
  17. Ya-Chih Chang , Jenny Quan , Jeffrey J. Wood (2012). Effects of Anxiety Disorder Severity on Social Functioning in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 24(3), 235-245. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    OpenAlex
  18. Brandt Chamberlain , Connie Kasari , Erin Rotheram-Fuller (2007). Involvement or Isolation? The Social Networks of Children with Autism in Regular Classrooms . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(2), 230-242. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    OpenAlex
  19. Matthew E. Roth , Jennifer M Gillis (2015). “Convenience with the Click of a Mouse”: A Survey of Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder on Online Dating . Sexuality and Disability, 33(1), 133-150. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    OpenAlex
  20. Simon Baron-Cohen (1995). Mindblindness: an essay on autism and theory of mind . Choice Reviews Online, 33(04), 33-2412-33-2412. American Library Association.
    OpenAlex
  21. Pam Thomas (2011). ‘Mate crime’: ridicule, hostility and targeted attacks against disabled people . Disability & Society, 26(1), 107-111. Informa UK Limited.
    OpenAlex
  22. Eve Müller , Adriana Schuler , Gregory B. Yates (2008). Social challenges and supports from the perspective of individuals with Asperger syndrome and other autism spectrum disabilities . Autism, 12(2), 173-190. SAGE Publications.
    OpenAlex
  23. Coralie Chevallier , Gregor Kohls , Vanessa Troiani , Edward S. Brodkin , Robert T. Schultz (2012). The social motivation theory of autism . Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(4), 231-239. Elsevier BV.
    OpenAlex
  24. Roderick Andrew Landman (2014). “A counterfeit friendship”: mate crime and people with learning disabilities . The Journal of Adult Protection, 16(6), 355-366. Emerald.
    OpenAlex
  25. Sebastian Lundström , Abraham Reichenberg , Jonas Melke , Maria Råstam , Nóra Kerekes , Paul Lichtenstein et al. (2015). Autism spectrum disorders and coexisting disorders in a nationwide Swedish twin study . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(6), 702-710. Wiley.
    OpenAlex
  26. Neil Humphrey , Sarah Lewis (2008). `Make me normal' . Autism, 12(1), 23-46. SAGE Publications.
    OpenAlex
  27. Suzannah M Portway , Barbara Johnson (2005). Do you know I have Asperger's syndrome? Risks of a non-obvious disability . Health, Risk & Society, 7(1), 73-83. Informa UK Limited.
    OpenAlex
  28. Marie Campkin (2000). Pretending to be normal: living with Asperger's syndrome. Family Practice, 17(4), 355-355. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    OpenAlex
  29. Felicity Sedgewick , Vivian Hill , Rhiannon Yates , Leanne Pickering , Elizabeth Pellicano (2016). Gender Differences in the Social Motivation and Friendship Experiences of Autistic and Non-autistic Adolescents . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(4), 1297-1306. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    OpenAlex
  30. Jens O Zinn , Peter Taylor-Gooby (2006). The Challenge of (Managing) New Risks . In Risk in Social Science (pp. 54-75). Oxford University PressOxford.
    OpenAlex
  31. Jenna Spink , John Steward (2011). Teaching vulnerable people to keep safe from crime . Learning Disability Practice, 14(5), 30-33. RCN Publishing Ltd..
    OpenAlex
  32. Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… , Michael Bracher (2013). Autistics speak but are they heard . Medical Sociology, 7(2), 61.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2337764906
    OpenAlex
  33. Friedrich Schleiermacher (1998). Schleiermacher: Hermeneutics and Criticism: And Other Writings .
    Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2493485055
    OpenAlex
  34. Rosanna Edey , Jennifer Cook , Rebecca Brewer , Mark H. Johnson , Geoffrey Bird , Clare Press (2016). Interaction takes two: Typical adults exhibit mind-blindness towards those with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(7), 879-885. American Psychological Association (APA).
    OpenAlex
  35. Anna Cook , Jane Ogden , Naomi Winstone (2016). The experiences of learning, friendship and bullying of boys with autism in mainstream and special settings: a qualitative study . British Journal of Special Education, 43(3), 250-271. Wiley.
    OpenAlex
  36. Noah J. Sasson , Daniel J. Faso , Jack Nugent , Sarah Lovell , Daniel P. Kennedy , Ruth B. Grossman (2017). Neurotypical Peers are Less Willing to Interact with Those with Autism based on Thin Slice Judgments . Scientific Reports, 7(1), 40700-40700. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    OpenAlex
  37. Ruby Jamil , Marcia N. Gragg , Anne-Marie DePape (2017). The broad autism phenotype: Implications for empathy and friendships in emerging adults . Personality and Individual Differences, 111, 199-204. Elsevier BV.
    OpenAlex
  38. Chih Hoong Sin (2014). Hate crime against people with disabilities . In The Routledge International Handbook on Hate Crime (pp. 193-206). Routledge.
    OpenAlex
  39. John M. Davis , James J. Hogan (2004). Implementing the Social Model of Disability: theory and research .
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2599673041
    OpenAlex
  40. Laura Hull , K. V. Petrides , Carrie Allison , Paula Smith , Simon Baron-Cohen , Meng-Chuan Lai et al. (2017). “Putting on My Best Normal”: Social Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2519-2534. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    OpenAlex
  41. Lauren Bishop-Fitzpatrick , Carla A. Mazefsky , Shaun M Eack (2018). The combined impact of social support and perceived stress on quality of life in adults with autism spectrum disorder and without intellectual disability . Autism, 22(6), 703-711. SAGE Publications.
    OpenAlex
  42. Eilidh Cage , Jessica Di Monaco , Victoria Newell (2018). Experiences of Autism Acceptance and Mental Health in Autistic Adults . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(2), 473-484. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    OpenAlex
  43. Eleanor J. Cole , Katie E. Slocombe , Nick E. Barraclough (2018). Abilities to Explicitly and Implicitly Infer Intentions from Actions in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(5), 1712-1726. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    OpenAlex
  44. Gerard M. Doherty (2017). What is the nature and extent of mate crime offending against disabled people and how effective are institutional responses . White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York).
    Type: Dissertation OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2792081597
    OpenAlex
  45. Chris Papadopoulos (2016). Autism stigma and the role of ethnicity and culture . University of Bedfordshire Repository (University of Bedfordshire).
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2796135071
    OpenAlex
  46. Robert J Chandler , Ailsa Russell , Katie L Maras (2019). Compliance in autism: Self-report in action . Autism, 23(4), 1005-1017. SAGE Publications.
    OpenAlex
  47. Eilidh Cage , Zoe Troxell-Whitman (2019). Understanding the Reasons, Contexts and Costs of Camouflaging for Autistic Adults . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 1899-1911. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    OpenAlex
  48. Kerrianne E. Morrison , Amy E. Pinkham , Skylar Kelsven , Kelsey Ludwig , David L. Penn , Noah J. Sasson (2019). Psychometric Evaluation of Social Cognitive Measures for Adults with Autism . Autism Research, 12(5), 766-778. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2084 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2911817916
    OpenAlex
  49. Katie Howard , Napoleon Katsos , Jenny Gibson (2019). Using interpretative phenomenological analysis in autism research . Autism, 23(7), 1871-1876. SAGE Publications.
    OpenAlex
  50. Glenn Wilson (1996). Mindblindness—an essay on autism and theory of mind . Personality and Individual Differences, 20(2), 278-279. Elsevier BV.
    OpenAlex
  51. (2014). A practical guide to using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis in qualitative research psychology . Czasopismo Psychologiczne Psychological Journal, 20(1). Stowarzyszenie Psychologia i Architektura (Society for Psychology and Architecture).
    OpenAlex
  52. Flora Ma (2020). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) . In Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging (pp. 1-12). Springer International Publishing.
    OpenAlex
  53. Melvin Seeman , Erving Goffman (1964). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. American Sociological Review, 29(5), 770. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/2091442 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4297361601
    OpenAlex