The broader autism phenotype constellations–disability matrix paradigm: Theoretical model for autism and the broader autism phenotype

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McDonald, T. A. (2020). The broader autism phenotype constellations–disability matrix paradigm: Theoretical model for autism and the broader autism phenotype. Medical Hypotheses, 146, Article 110456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110456

Publication date: 18 Dec 2020 Added to AutiHub: 5 Oct 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Publication authors
1
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 1 (100.0%)
  1. T. A. McDonald *

Abstract

The prevalence of autism has increased dramatically over the last 60 years, and the cause of this increase is unclear. In this paradigm-shift paper, I propose an explanatory paradigm for the cause of autism and its increased prevalence in the general population. I also discuss how social and historical contexts may have influenced the evolution and manifestation of specific traits in the autism population. These traits expand the characterization of the broader autism phenotype to include a constellation of socially valued traits, termed Broader Autism Phenotype Constellations (BAPCO). The frequency of these traits may have increased due to assortative mating opportunities that occurred alongside social changes in education and occupational opportunities over the last 100 years. I propose that assortative mating can lead to both positive and negative developmental consequences affecting social and language development. I also propose that BAPCO traits, which are not intrinsically disabilities, could interact with co-occurring conditions in a new model called the BAPCO-Disability Matrix Paradigm (BAPCO-DMAP). In this paradigm, autism is located at the intersection of BAPCO traits and at least one co-occurring condition. These proposed models support the need to create a more comprehensive definition of autism that includes constellations of BAPCO traits. The BAPCO-DMAP paves the way to testable predictions of autism prevalence and provides a framework to better understand the foundational traits of autism. Finally, this paradigm radically redefines the broader autism phenotype with characteristics that can inform therapy and child development.

Bibliography cited by this reference

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Cited bibliography overview

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Cited references
58
With a DOI
49
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
9
1 / 58 (1.7%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
7 / 58 (12.1%)
References with detected author names
52 / 58 (89.7%)
Without detected author names
6
Without a structured title
7
Without a stable identifier
8
References with raw author names still to review
5
References with external metadata lookup issues
1
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
534
From DOI or external metadata
534
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
11
92 / 534 (17.2%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 442 / 534 (82.8%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
1 / 534 (0.2%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 1 / 92 (1.1%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 1 / 480 (0.2%).
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