Intact counterfactual emotion processing in autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from eye‐tracking

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Black, J., Barzy, M., Williams, D. M., & Ferguson, H. J. (2018). Intact counterfactual emotion processing in autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from eye‐tracking. Autism Research, 12(3), 422-444. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2056

Publication date: 21 Dec 2018 Added to AutiHub: 4 Oct 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
4
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 4 (25.0%)
  1. Jo Black *
  2. Mahsa Barzy
  3. David M. Williams
  4. Heather Jane Ferguson

Abstract

Counterfactual emotions, such as regret and relief, require an awareness of how things could have been different. We report a preregistered experiment that examines how adults with and without ASD process counterfactual emotions in real‐time, based on research showing that the developmental trajectory of counterfactual thinking may be disrupted in people with ASD. Participants were eye‐tracked as they read narratives in which a character made an explicit decision then subsequently experienced either a mildly negative or positive outcome. The final sentence in each story included an explicit remark about the character's mood that was either consistent or inconsistent with the character's expected feelings of regret or relief (e.g., “… she feels happy / annoyed about her decision.”). Results showed that adults with ASD are unimpaired in processing emotions based on counterfactual reasoning, and in fact showed earlier sensitivity to inconsistencies within relief contexts compared to TD participants. This finding highlights a previously unknown strength in empathy and emotion processing in adults with ASD, which may have been masked in previous research that has typically relied on explicit, response‐based measures to record emotional inferences, which are likely to be susceptible to demand characteristics and response biases. Therefore, this study highlights the value of employing implicit measures that provide insights on peoples' immediate responses to emotional content without disrupting ongoing processing. Autism Res 2019, 12: 422–444 © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary Despite known difficulties with empathy and perspective‐taking, we found that adults with autism are unimpaired at inferring complex emotions (regret and relief) in others. This finding extends existing evidence showing dysfunctional counterfactual thinking in children with autism. We highlight the value of using implicit measures to identify strengths and abilities in ASD that may be masked by explicit tasks that require participants to interact socially or report their own thoughts.

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Cited references
63
With a DOI
58
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
4
2 / 63 (3.2%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
0 / 63 (0.0%)
References with detected author names
63 / 63 (100.0%)
Without detected author names
0
Without a structured title
0
Without a stable identifier
3
References with raw author names still to review
0
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
173
From DOI or external metadata
173
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
0
39 / 173 (22.5%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 134 / 173 (77.5%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
2 / 173 (1.2%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 2 / 39 (5.1%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 1 / 124 (0.8%).
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